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Electronic commerce
Before to speak about electronic commerce it would be desirable to define as this concept. Electronic commerce - such form of delivery of production at which the choice and the order of the goods is carried out through computer networks, and calculations between the buyer and the supplier are carried out with use of electronic documents and-or means of payment. Thus as buyers of the goods (or services) the organizations can act both private persons, and Global network Internet has made electronic commerce accessible to firms of any scale. If earlier the organization of electronic data exchange demanded appreciable investments in a communication infrastructure and was on a shoulder to only large companies use Internet allows to enter today numbers of " electronic dealers " and to small firms. The electronic show-window in World Wide Web, in abbreviated form, WWW enables any company to involve clients from all world. Similar on-line business forms the new channel for selling - "virtual", almost not demanding material investments. If the information, services or production (for example, the software) can be put through Web, all process of sale (including payment) can occur in on-line a mode. Also except for purchases and sale it is possible to order various services and to legalize papers (visa service - is at the given stage of the international attitudes very much a prominent aspect,passport service)
Under definition of electronic commerce fall not only the systems focused on Internet, but also and " electronic shops ", using other communication environments. At the same time procedures of the sales initiated by the information from WWW, but using for data exchange a fax, phone and so forth, can be only partially carried to a class of electronic commerce. We shall note also, that in spite of the fact that WWW is technological base of electronic commerce, in a number of systems other communication opportunities are used also. So, inquiries to the seller for specification of parameters of the goods or for registration of the order can be sent and through e-mail. For today dominating payment means at on-line purchases are credit cards. However on a stage there are also new payment tools: a smart-card, digital money, micropayments and electronic checks. Electronic commerce includes not only on-line transactions. In the area covered by this concept, it is necessary to include and such kinds of activity as carrying out of marketing researches, definition of opportunities and partners, support of communications with suppliers and consumers, the organization of document circulation and so forth Thus, electronic commerce is complex concept and includes electronic data exchange as one of components.
Volumes of electronic sales. If at the initial stage of the development the Internet served only for dialogue and distribution of the noncommercial information, today it is already obvious, that network technologies can successfully be used and in commercial objectives. As the statistics shows, in 1999 nearby 600 thousand firms sold the goods and services through the Internet, that on 65 % it is more, than in 1998. By the present moment about 40 % of all the Internet-users (more than 100 million person) have made even one purchase in on-line shops. In 1999 the volume of retails in the Network has made nearby 40-50 billion dollars Now the greatest gain the category of sites of retail in the Internet (52 % for half a year) has. The share of the users visiting these sites (in first half of 1999 - 31 %, in the second - 41 %) increases also. Under forecasts by 2002 more than 70 % of the companies will use the Internet in the business. The volume of electronic transactions thus will make 300-500 billion dollars, And the share of corporate sector will grow up to 70-80 %. Today the share of small business in incomes of electronic commerce makes about 20 %. It is expected, that by 2003 it will increase up to 27 %.
Forecasts of the various companies for 2004-2005, despite of appreciable divergences, specify powerful rates of growth of electronic commerce (from 60 % up to 150 % a year). The annual sales volume in a network by then promises to reach 1,5 - 7 bln. dollars Thus, the share of electronic sector in economy can make 5 - 10 %. Possibly, about half of this volume of transactions will consist in the USA, and the Asian market becomes second-largest. With small advancing behind it the European electronic commerce, mainly Germany, England and France will follow. On the order smaller remains while volume South-American, the African and Near-Eastern markets. Especially fast rates of development are predicted in corporate sector which by 2005 will give more than 90 % of all electronic incomes. The sales volume of consumer goods in the Network in 5 years can reach 600-800 billion dollars Now among buyers the Internet-shops Americans prevail. They make more than half of all users who have made purchases in the Network. Incomes of the American electronic commerce have made in 1999 about 75 % of world incomes in this market, but by 2003 their decrease to 50-55 % is expected.
Three quarters of the Americans buying through the Internet, use at payment by credit cards. In 1998 each buyer has made on the average 6 purchases, and in 1999 - 13. For those who has already got used to do purchases in a Network, the similar way becomes one of the cores. For example, researches during the New Year's period of 1999 show online-buyers, that they get 67 % of gifts in usual shops, 7 % - under catalogues, and 26 % - on the Internet. Recently Ministers of Economics of the EU countries had been approved the draft agreement " About legal aspects of electronic commerce ". According to this document, the electronic contract has a high-grade validity. Besides arrangements between the EU countries about a mutual recognition of electronic contracts are reached. Approval of the given project is powerful stimulus for development of the European electronic market. Now about 35 % of constant European users the Internet is visited on a regular basis with the sites connected with on-line trade. Now in the Europe 16 million buyers the Internet-shops is totaled nearby. By 2004 growth of their quantity up to 100 million that will make about 70 % from all European users is expected.
In 1999 growth of incomes of the European electronic commerce has exceeded American, having made about 200 %. However the volume of retails was equal all 3,5 billion dollars, i.e. only 0,2 % of all retails. Leaders here have appeared the Finnish buyers (12,7 %), on the second place - France (10 %), then - Germany (4 %) and the Great Britain (2,8 %). In the on-line market the high competition accompanied by powerful growth of profit therefore by 2005 from everyone 20 electronic companies will be survived only by one is expected. For corporate electronic trade in the Europe the motor industry, transport and electronics are considered as the most perspective branches. Incomes of electronic commerce in the Asian market are essential enough. In 1999 retail electronic trade here has brought nearby 3 billion dollars, and 94 % of incomes fall to 2 most developed countries: Japan (more than 1,5 billion dollars) and Korea (720 million dollars) . It is possible to carry Australia to this group (nearby 380 million $$$). Now about 5 % of users the Internet in China, and also 15 % of users in Hong Kong, have done shopping in on-line shops. The greatest demand books and computers here use.
But nevertheless it is more interesting to discuss the Russian specificity of electronic commerce. For today not all so well and smoothly. I shall give an example purchases in one of electronic shops through the Internet. Process of a choice of products and has borrowed registration about 35 minutes (21.10 from 15:15 till) at not loaded 2-megabit channel on Saturday. Acknowledgement by e-mail has come there and then. The operator has called at 16:05 and has confirmed the order. The operator at 17:15 has once again called and has asked the consent to replacement of kefir " to the Darling Is lovely " on " the Small house in village " and breads on "Borodino". Also it was found out, that sausages are not present any - days off. The order has been delivered 22.10 at 12:15 (stipulated time of delivery - from 9 o'clock till 12 o'clock). Claims to the delivered order was not.
Horoshko Denis Ivanovicha's clause on the publication in the collection.
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